Tonkin Gulf Resolution: Main Idea

    Tonkin Gulf Resolution: Main Idea

      Gunnin' for War

      Pin the blame on the bad guys and march off to war as patriotically as possible.

      This short and sweet resolution by Congress claims that communist North Vietnam attacked U.S. ships, and uses that aggression as a clear reason for retaliation. The President of the United States (that'd be Lyndon B. Johnson) was given the full support of Congress in terms of funding and resources to, uh, deal with the situation and keep Southeast Asia safe.

      Bottom line: the Tonkin Gulf Resolution is a declaration of war in the form of a presidential permission slip.

      Questions

      1. Why did the United States care about protecting the freedom of Vietnam in the 1960s?
      2. What evidence or rationale does the Resolution give for essentially going to war?
      3. Are there dangers in giving the president unlimited authority and resources to wage war? What are they?
      4. What were some of the reasons for and against going to war in Vietnam, from the perspective of the government and from the perspective of the people?

      Chew On This

      The United States officially entered the Vietnam War because its military ships were attacked, it desired freedom for the people of Vietnam, and it believed it was acting in the interests of world peace.

      The United States used a questionable attack against its military ships as an excuse to combat the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.

      Quotes

      Quote #1

      […] naval units of the Communist regime in Vietnam […] have deliberately and repeatedly attacked United States naval vessels lawfully present in international waters, and have thereby created a serious threat to international peace […] (2)

      Meet the accusation. This Resolution is about committing armed forces to Vietnam (without declaring war), so there needs to be a reason for combat. Notice the word choices by Congress: "regime" suggests some sort of malicious group; "deliberately" makes Vietnam seem evil in their actions; and "lawfully present" makes the U.S. look like an innocent victim. Clever resolution.

      Quote #2

      […] these attackers are part of a deliberate and systematic campaign of aggression that the Communist regime in North Vietnam has been waging against its neighbors […] (3)

      Congress is clearly painting North Vietnam as the bad guys and other nations in Southeast Asia as the good guys (or at least the victims). The word "systematic" suggests carefully planned, as though this is all part of North Vietnam's master plan of world domination. Congress wants everyone to be clear about who the enemy is here. "Campaign of aggression" could even bring back memories of Hitler or Stalin, and everyone knows how those stories went…

      Quote #3

      […] the United States is assisting the peoples of southeast Asia to protest their freedom and has no territorial, military or political ambitions in that area, but desires only that these people should be left in peace to work out their destinies in their own way […] (4)

      Translation: the U.S. isn't trying to colonize Vietnam. "We swear, guys." Why do they need to make that clear? Because history. Vietnam was colonized by France—and had just fought a pretty bloody war to get their independence. The U.S. didn't want to be seen as another France. They wanted to be Bruce Willis, not Alan Rickman.

      Quote #4

      Resolved […] that the Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. (5)

      We'll call this part the "blank check." No-limit spending to get the job done. Pretty nice offer from Congress, right? Notice that the wording is super vague here: the President can do whatever he wants to fight against any attack and prevent any further attacks…we mean, that could get pretty expensive.

      Quote #5

      […] the United States is, therefore, prepared, as the President determines, to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom. (6)

      Stating plain and clear that the U.S. will use military force in Vietnam. Check out the careful wording though: "assist" implies that America is not the bad guy doing all the attacking, but is instead simply helping those countries in the area that are threatened by North Vietnam. Clever move, Congress—now the world thinks this is all about protecting others, not stopping the spread of communism. So smooth.